From a systematic review of the risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular events associated with bone–mineral abnormalities in CKD, the findings suggest a higher mortality risk with phosphate, followed by calcium and parathyroid hormone.S43 However, there was substantial discrepancy and heterogeneity in results with better evidence to support this association in dialysis patients than in predialysis patients. This evidence concerns the gene PTH and chronic kidney disease.