Based on the ability of MEDI9197 to induce CD8+ T cell activation and IFNγ production, as well as the increase in PD-1 and PD-L1 gene expression observed in the tumor after MEDI9197 treatment (Fig. 6a), it is not surprising that MEDI9197 also induced a significant increase in surface PD-1 expression on TILs, especially CD8+ T cells (p < 0.05 on CD45+ cells and p = 0.0059 on CD8+ effector T cells; Fig. 6c and d, Additional file 1: Figure S6C). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.