Ang II is also known to increase TGF-β1 expression in cardiac hypertrophy [39], as TGF-β also regulates p38 MAPK signaling; therefore, it may be possible that Ang II and TGF-β function cooperatively, as shown in the study by Schultz et al., which demonstrated TGF-β1 as an important mediator for Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy [40]. This evidence concerns the gene AGT and cardiac hypertrophy.