INS and heart failure: Here, we used MR to assess overall and sex-specific effects of insulin, and for completeness insulin resistance, on MI, angina, heart failure and their key risk factors (low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (ApoB)22, and blood pressure) using individual data in a large cohort, the UK Biobank23, or the largest available genome-wide association study (GWAS).