HIP1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Of the 12 SNPs related to insulin, we dropped 5 SNPs due to pleiotropy, specifically 2 SNPs (rs10195252 in GRB14 and rs9884482 in TET2) related to alcohol drinking (p value 9.4 × 10−7 and 2.3 × 10−6, respectively), 2 SNPs (rs1167800 in HIP1 and rs7903146 in TCF7L2) related to BMI (p value 8.7 × 10−13 and 9.8 × 10−7, respectively), and 1 SNP (rs1421085) in the FTO gene (a well-established obesity predictor), so 7 SNPs were used (Table 1 and Supplementary Table 1).