VEGFA and neoplasm: High ratio of M2/M1 would in turn further raise the level of these immunosuppressive cytokines and at the same time downregulate the proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α).202, 203 In addition, M2 macrophages also hamper the function of DCs and CD8+ T cells, and promote the expression of VEGF for tumor angiogenesis.204, 205 Since M1 macrophages maintain the antigen‐presentation ability and positive regulation of proinflammatory cytokines, multiple researches attempted to decrease the M2/M1 ratio by repolarizing M2 to M1 macrophages.206