TGFB1 and melanoma: TGF‐β promotes tumor progression by suppressing CD8+ T cells activation, inhibiting DC and NK cell function, and most importantly, assisting the proliferation of Tregs.216 Xu et al. reported that a lipid‐calcium‐phosphate nanoparticle (LCP NP)‐based vaccine that consisted of tumor antigen and CpG failed to elicit effective immune response in late stage B16F10 melanoma, mainly due to the increased expression of TGF‐β.154 In this regard, they delivered TGF‐β siRNA in a LPH nanoplatform to tumor tissue, which significantly reduced the number of Tregs and boosted CD8+ T cell response.