CD274 and neoplasm: Karwacz et al. utilized PD-L1 specific shRNA to suppress PD-L1 expression in bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and demonstrated that the interference of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction led to down-modulation of TCR via casitas B-lymphoma (Cbl)-b E3 ubiquitin ligase upregulation in CD8+ T cells, and sequentially enhanced anti-tumor immune responses (53).