Moreover, several epidemiological investigations revealed that HMGB-1 (one of the TLR4 ligands) can serve as an important diagnostic marker for insulin resistance and obesity (Arrigo et al., 2013; Gunasekaran et al., 2013; Subramanian et al., 2017). Here, HMGB1 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.