TNF and Sepsis: Administration of exogenous AP has been extensively investigated in animal models, showing the capacity to significantly attenuate the plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels (van Veen et al., 2005), plasma IL-6 levels (van Veen et al., 2005), serum nitric oxide (NO) levels (Verweij et al., 2004), associated with less pronounced organ dysfunction (van Veen et al., 2005), and a significant increase in survival in various sepsis models (Bentala et al., 2002; Beumer et al., 2003; Verweij et al., 2004; Su et al., 2006) (see Table 1).