TNF and Parkinson disease: Evidence of systemic inflammation in PD includes the presence of increased levels of circulating cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, TNF-α, C-reactive protein, RANTES, and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) (Brodacki et al., 2008; Qin et al., 2016).