IL17A and Parkinson disease: IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-17A, and TNF-α are all significantly upregulated in our PD sample, and circulating TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-17 are also known to stimulate vWF release from damaged endothelial cells (Domingueti et al., 2016; Meiring et al., 2016; Owczarczyk-Saczonek and Placek, 2017).