The abundance of AVs in the brains of AD animal models and AD patients is in sharp contrast to the rarely-observed AVs in normal brains, which suggests that the accumulation of pathogenic proteins such as Aβ and tau in AD may be caused by defective autophagy-lysosome proteolysis pathway (Cataldo et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2011a). Here, MAPT is linked to Alzheimer disease.