DDIT3 and atherosclerosis: Recently, a study of atherosclerosis showed that laminar flow protected ER stress-induced cleaved forms of PARP-1 and caspase-3 and inhibited the ER stress-induced p-eIF2α, ATF4, CHOP, spliced XBP-1, ATF6, and JNK pathways to protect endothelial cells from apoptosis26.