NFKB1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: We demonstrated for the first time that IPA improves gut dysbiosis, protects against intestinal epithelial barrier damage under HFD feeding conditions, reduces endotoxin leakage, and directly inhibits the activity of NF-κB signaling and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which contribute to the improvement of NASH in HFD-fed rats.