FGF23 and left ventricular hypertrophy: Experimental data have shown that FGF23 can have a direct effect on the heart, by inducing left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) [32,33], and pathologically interfering with calcium fluxes in cardiomyocytes out of and into the sarcoplasmic reticulum [34,35], both effects not depending on phosphate.