Interestingly, CSF1R signalling mediates microglial proliferation and survival, and both upregulation of CSF1R and increased proliferation of microglia have been reported in post-mortem samples from patients with Alzheimer’s disease (Akiyama et al., 1994; Gomez-Nicola et al., 2013; Olmos-Alonso et al., 2016). Here, CSF1R is linked to Alzheimer disease.