It was observed that both CXCL1 and LCN2 treatment of PCa cells increased phosphorylation of SFKs, as detected by a tyrosine 416 phosphorylation-specific, pan-SFK antibody, as well as the downstream modulators FAK and Paxillin (Fig. 5a). Here, CXCL1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.