VHL and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: The involvement of Prdx3 with hypoxia is also established and it is interesting to note that the overexpression of Prdx3 suppressed the hypoxia mediated apoptosis of thymoma cells in vitro, but with regard to the role of von Hippel-Laundau protein (pVHL) in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma, the protein level of Prdx3 is downregulated and HIF-1α stabilization is induced by pVHL deficiency in conditions of normoxia or hypoxia; this leads to decrease in Prdx3 expression and is associated with cellular proliferation of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) [158].