In particular, the levels of IL-12, which has been associated with autoimmunity [76], were not higher in the ssRNA-treated group than in the PBS-treated group (Figure S4E), supporting the possibility that the ssRNA nano-structure adjuvant did not induce autoimmunity, consistent with the data on serum levels of IgE and anti-nuclear antibodies shown in Figure 5. Here, IGHE is linked to Autoimmunity.