While the physiology of the costimulatory systems including OX40-OX40L, CD28/CTLA-4-CD80/86, ICOS-B7RP1 and CD70-CD27 has been relatively well studied in SLE, recent data on the immunopathology of the CD137-CD137 ligand (CD137L) system in murine lupus models and patients with SLE highlight the critical role of this costimulatory system in initiating and perpetuating the diverse clinical and serological phenotypes of SLE. Here, TNFSF9 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.