TNF and infection: In any case, infected macrophages recruit additional circulating monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils to the site of infection via expression of chemokines (CCL2; CXCL10; and TNF) (Jang et al., 2008; Deshmane et al., 2009; Domingo-Gonzalez et al., 2016); and the newly recruited cells in turn phagocytose the bacteria released by lysis of the infected AM.