INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In the same study, mean plasma free insulin levels in the individuals with type 1 diabetes before the race were half (7.8 ± 2.0 mU/l) of that was seen in healthy control subjects (15.6 ± 3.1 mU/1, p < 0.001) while mean pre-race blood glucose for the participants with type 1 diabetes was 365.4 ± 32.4 mg/dl (20.3 ± 1.8 mmol/l).