Of interest, cathepsin S is only one of the many edited Alu-enriched genes, e.g. TRAFs, whose expression was found to be associated with ADAR1 in a large cohort of RA patients, suggesting that our proposed mechanism (Fig. 5) may be applicable to a large number of pro-inflammatory genes in RA or other inflammatory diseases. The gene discussed is ADAR; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.