KLK3 and prostate carcinoma: The increased male incidence rate is a trend found nationally and internationally and is attributed to several key factors including the high occurrence of prostate cancer diagnosis largely found in western countries utilising PSA (prostate-specific antigen) testing [12, 23] as well as increased prevalence in men in lifestyle factors known to increase cancer risk including smoking cigarettes, increased alcohol consumption, occupational exposures, and overall poorer diet [8, 23].