TNF and congestive heart failure: Proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin (IL-6), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) predict the cardiovascular risks including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, peripheral arterial disease and unstable angina [189,194].