TNF and infection: Cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor‐⍺ (TNF‐⍺) and interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) can effectively induce the release of PTX3 by several types of cells such as vascular endothelial cells, monocytes and neutrophils.8, 9, 10 Recent studies showed that PTX3 had a non‐redundant role in the regulation of inflammation associated with cancer and various infections such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and E coli..11, 12