In a study with 30 parapneumonic pleuritis patients, the PAI-1 levels in pleural effusion were significantly higher in the Gram-positive culture group (160 ng/mL) and Gram-negative culture group (117 ng/mL) than in the uncomplicated culture negative group (58.0 ng/mL) [10]. Here, SERPINE1 is linked to Pleural effusion.