PDCD1 and lung adenocarcinoma: On this basis, we hypothesized that treatment of a combination of specific immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies that included anti-PD1, anti-CTLA-4, anti-CD137, and anti-CD19 may have an effect on tumor progression through several biological mechanisms such as oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis through specific signaling pathways in wild-type lung adenocarcinoma cells of mice [33].