For instance, Czubala et al. [106] reported that TGF-β induces the sterile alpha motif (SAM) and histidine aspartic (HD) domain protein-1 (SAMHD1)-independent post-entry restriction to HIV-1 infection in monocyte-derived langerhans’ cells and epithelial langerhans’ cells. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is HIV-1 infection.