TGF-β-dependent signaling activates PTHLH expression by increasing transcription from the P3 promoter through a synergistic interaction of the transcription factors Smad3 and Ets1 [86], and p38 MAPK-dependent signaling controls PTHLH expression in metastatic colon cancer cells [87]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to malignant colon neoplasm.