TGF-β-dependent signaling activates PTHLH expression by increasing transcription from the P3 promoter through a synergistic interaction of the transcription factors Smad3 and Ets1 [86], and p38 MAPK-dependent signaling controls PTHLH expression in metastatic colon cancer cells [87]. The gene discussed is ETS1; the disease is malignant colon neoplasm.