PDCD1 and neoplasm: During surgery, tumor‐free TDLNs are frequently removed for staging purposes, removing the ‘factory’ of T‐cell immune stimulation.59 A preclinical study in a murine model of colorectal cancer observed TDLN resection to reduce PD‐1 blockade efficacy, likely due to failure of adequate T‐cell cross‐priming.60 There are limited clinical data on the impact of lymphadenectomy on the post‐surgical immunotherapy response; as such, caution should be used in the clinical integration of neoadjuvant or adjuvant immunotherapy with surgery.