Although more recent studies and CDC guidelines have suggested that LTBC treatment can start any time (even concurrent) with anti-TNF-a administration [71, 72], we propose that treatment prior to beginning anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 antibodies (e.g. 2 weeks) is more reasonable in order to assure patient tolerance of anti-tuberculosis prophylaxis. Here, TNF is linked to tuberculosis.