In this context, the additional modulation of immune response due to the cancer itself, due to the administration of ICPIs or the supplementary medications (e.g. steroids or anti-TNF agents) for overcoming irAEs may unmask chronic underlying or opportunistic infections and rarely cause some serious infectious complications such as varicella-zoster virus infection, cytomegalovirus-associated enterocolitis, pulmonary aspergillosis, pneumocystis pneumonia and reactivation of latent tuberculosis with detrimental, in some cases, effects on cancer treatment outcome and patient’s survival [7, 8]. Here, TNF is linked to cancer.