In contrast to almost all other cancer types, the V-ATPases were found to be down-regulated in pRCC: This specifically applies to the V-type proton ATPase subunit B, kidney isoform (ATP6V1B1), 21-, 14-, 13-fold (fold changes are shown sequentially for type I, II, IIM, respectively) and others such as ATP6V1H, 3-, 4-, 4-fold; ATP6F1, 3-, 3-, 2-fold; ATP6V1E1, 3-, 3-, 4-fold; and ATP6V1A, 2-, 2-, 2-fold; (Table S2). This evidence concerns the gene ATP6V1B1 and cancer.