TGFBR1 and cardiac hypertrophy: Hence, TGF-β1-mediated noncanonical signaling through TβRI/TβRIII complex activation leads to TAK1/p38 phosphorylation, as also reported in the prevention of congenital craniofacial birth defects [63], and in the protection of ventricular hypertrophy and post-myocardial infarction remodeling in rats [64].