TNF and familial pancreatic carcinoma: Furthermore, the known ability of pancreatic cancer antigens to generate relatively weak immune responses coupled with the expression of multidrug-resistant genes and growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) help provide optimal conditions to promote tumor growth [2–5].