A meta-analysis of 31 studies showed that women living with HIV on ART had a lower prevalence of high-risk HPV and an increased likelihood of SIL or CIN regression than untreated women after adjustment for CD4 counts and ART duration, suggesting that the protective effect of ART implies both early initiation and sustained compliance [44]. Here, CD4 is linked to cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia.