Preliminary data mining on Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database revealed that the expression levels of PTX3 in BC are lower than those found in normal bladders, and decrease along tumor progression from non-muscle invasive lesions (NMIBC)/carcinoma in situ (CIS) to invasive cancer (MIBC) (Figure 1A). This evidence concerns the gene PTX3 and in situ carcinoma.