CSF3 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Moreover, a growing body of scientific evidence has indicated that treatment with G-CSF ameliorates tissue injury in various organs, as follows: A neuroprotective effect of G-CSF in cerebral ischemia was reported [26]; G-CSF improves outcomes in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy [27,28]; anti-apoptotic effects of G-CSF were observed on neurons [26,29]; G-CSF enhances muscle cell proliferation and strength following muscle injury in rats [30]; and G-CSF promotes liver repair by enhancing oval cell proliferation [21].