IL6 and cancer: Other cytokines including IL-6 [30,31], IL-1β [32], leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) [33], and TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) [34] as well as members of the TGFβ superfamily including activin A [35], myostatin [36], TGFβ [37], and GDF11 [38] were subsequently shown to be involved in the promotion of muscle catabolism in animal models of cancer cachexia.