VEGFA and age-related macular degeneration: In summary, in the in vitro AMD RPE transmitochondrial cybrids, the PU-91 drug: 1) regulates the mitochondrial biogenesis pathway, 2) improves mitochondrial function, 3) enhances mitochondrial GFP fluorescence, 4) prevents apoptotic cell death, 5) favorably regulates inflammation and complement, 6) favorably regulates the MDP-coding MT-RNR2 gene, 7) when co-administered with EI-12/EI-78, does not impact either the viable cell count or gene expression (PGC-1α, Caspase-3, IL-18, VEGF, and SOD2) substantially compared to treatment with PU-91 alone.