Moreover, melatonin and its metabolite N1‐acetyl‐N2‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine enhanced the cytotoxic and tumor cancer cell proliferation inhibition effects of GEM in pancreatic cancer with upregulation of the BAX/BCL‐2 ratio and increased expression of active caspase.41 This evidence concerns the gene BAX and pancreatic neoplasm.