Since STAT3 phosphorylation can be mediated by Janus kinase (JAK2)10 or other upstream signaling molecules such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)11,18, we first investigated whether JAK, EGRF, and ERK activities mediated the PA-increased STAT3 phosphorylation in PCa. This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and posterior cortical atrophy.