TNF and obesity disorder: Furthermore, some studies have also demonstrated a CS effect against obesity-related inflammation and atherogenesis (although it was reported for mice and cultured coronary endothelial cells, the data needs to be validated in human trials) since it counteracts the pro-inflammatory activation of monocytes and endothelial cells caused by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue [17,18].