Because data from a reference measure of IR (eg, hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp or fasting insulin levels) were not available, we used commonly measured parameters (fasting glucose, fasting HDL-C, and triglyceride levels) to define IR rather than a reference standard or indices, such as the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance or the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index.50 Our surrogates for IR measure hepatic IR and not peripheral IR, and thus, some participants will have been misclassified as not having IR when they do. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Insulin resistance.