To evaluate whether OX40 and OX40L play a role in the process of T cell differentiation, we measured the serum levels of some cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17a in T1D patients, finding no significant correlation between sOX40 expressions and cytokines (Table 3). Here, TNF is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.