ATF4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: As shown in Figure 6(a), the Xbp1 spliced form, Txnip, Bip, and Atf4 mRNA levels in T1D EMPA mice were decreased compared to those in T1D mice (p = 0.041, p = 0.054, nonsignificant, and p = 0.042, respectively).