PIK3CA and neoplasm: Furthermore, as the structure of function of the ECM is critical for tumor cell invasion, dysfunction of ECM and its cognate receptor integrins may lead to aberrant activation of signaling pathways including Ras/Raf/MAPK, Raf/JNK, Rho/Rac/PAK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR, which shape the tumor microenvironment and regulating tumor growth, angiogenesis, and invasion [75].