Moreover, GAMs secrete several oncogenic factors such as transforming growth factor beta (TGFß), which enhances glioma cell migration by upregulating integrin expression and contributes to the degradation of extra-cellular matrix components by inducing MMP2 expression and suppressing the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2 [71, 72]. Here, MMP2 is linked to glioma.