The upper 95% confidence limit was 1.33, thus excluding a two-fold or greater increase in risk found for moderate- or high-penetrance alleles in predisposition genes such as CHEK2 and ATM. Moreover, we found no evidence of association in subgroups defined by earlier age at onset, a positive family history of breast cancer, bilateral occurrence, or defined tumor parameters (histology, grade or hormone receptor status). Here, CHEK2 is linked to breast cancer.