INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Based on renewed concepts of T2D pathogenesis, the targets of a potential therapy for this chronic progressive disease include, not only glucose homeostasis correction, but also modulation of cellular stress and mitochondrial function in highly metabolic tissues, with the aim of attenuating insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation and ameliorating β cell function and mass, thus preventing the development of macro- and microvascular complications.