HSPA5 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Furthermore, the treatment with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SS-31 had no effect about protein levels of GRP78 and P-eIF2α on leukocytes of control subjects (Figure 2C,D) while a reduction in these ER stress parameters was observed in leukocytes from T2D patients with T2D (Figure 2C,D; p < 0.05).