Latent HIV-1 can be activated by exosomes released from cells infected with either replication-competent or defective HIV-1, but this effect was no more detectable when exosomes from cells infected with HIV-1 strains (either Nef-deleted or Nef-defective) were used, suggesting that vesicular Nef renders cells more susceptible to HIV infection [80]. Here, S100B is linked to HIV infectious disease.