Through the Yamanaka factor-mediated reprogramming, varied types of cancer cells including, leukemia, breast, bladder, liver, prostate, and pancreatic cancer cells, were stably reprogrammed into CSCs with enhanced expressions of stemness-related genes including SOX2, Nanog homeobox (NANOG), stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1), T cell receptor alpha-1–60 (TRA-1–60), and T cell receptor alpha-1–81 (TRA-1–81) [37–41]. Here, NANOG is linked to leukemia.