Transcriptomic analysis for myofibroblast markers in these treated cells revealed that CpG induced an increase of ACTA2 and COL1A1 transcript expression (Fig. 3a-b) and did not induce any significant changes in COL3A1 and FN1 transcripts (Fig. 3c-d) in normal and IPF lung fibroblasts. Here, ACTA2 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.